Monday 30 September 2013
Monday 23 September 2013
A LITTLE WANDER
The mind I love must have wild places, a tangled orchard where dark damsons drop in the heavy grass, an overgrown little wood, the chance of a snake or two, a pool that nobody’s fathomed the depth of, and paths threaded with flowers planted by the mind.
- Katherine Mansfield
*
Battling Spearman's correlation in the day - travelling light in the weekends. This weekend I went to Sapa - a vast valley habituated by local tribes (H'mong, Red Dao and many others) and lined with rice paddy terraces. Joined by a couple also from Hong Kong we went trekking along the peddle stone paths and among the endless fields. It is now towards the end of september, when the rice plants turn golden and ready for harvest. Our lovely local guide Say (pronounced as Sai) is a 18-year-old H'mong girl who have just started to be a tour guide for a year for Sapa O'Chau, a social enterprise that helps locals learn English and sustain better jobs (Go with them if you are going to Sapa!). Led by her, we walked steadily on in the glorious sunshine - apparently it has been the best weather for weeks. The valley is lively with the sound of streams and waterfalls, children playing; the hues of wild flowers, lush trees bejeweled with the beautiful costumes wore by local people - and hours later we reached our homestay in a Red Dao village in the midst of the hills. Sat down in the hazy sunshine, a cold beer in hand, we chatted until dinner was ready by the open-fire. David is in fact a doctor two years above me at UCL (what a strange coincidence!) and Yaki works for a charity foundation funding environmental NGOs worldwide - so we had some interesting discussions regarding living in Hanoi/London, medicine and sustainable development (and also some fun stories re: school days in Hong Kong. It has been fun since I haven't spoken Cantonese for so long!). The Red Dao tribe is well-known for their knowledge in herbal medicine so after dinner we were keen to try the herbal bath - soaking in hot, fragrant water (prepared by boiling multitude of local herbs for hours) in a small wooden tub. It was not even 10 but we were ready for bed. The night was so serene you could almost hear the stars.
As promised we had a cosy sleep inside the bednet (I like to think of it as a dream-catching net) and got woken up by the resident rooster. Some delicious banana pancakes and coffee later we were off again. This time we took a different route even higher up, so we got some magnificent view across the valley. Walking is a good time for the mind to wander, while your body is so much in the moment of here and now (sometimes only the Cartesian model of mind-body dichotomy seems right) - I like running, swimming and biking too, but there is something special about walking that allows the tangles of the mind to unravel more slowly and freely. Back in Sapa sitting in a cafe I bumped into Joe who I went to college in Wales with - again, what chances! He happens to be doing a South-east Asia expedition as well and would be trekking in Sapa the next two days. We bidded farewell as I had to go back to Lao Cai town for the night train back to Hanoi - and back on the train I was in the same berth with the 3 French girls whom I met on the train a night ago. We had a little chanson-karaoke session before dozing off, as the train rocked us to sleep like a cradle.
Somehow the power of wanderlust has brought all of us together, albeit transiently, from the different corners and walks of the earth - as if by some intrinsic drive for taxis towards the unfamiliar. The more I travel on my own, the more I realise it is really not about the destination, but the journey - outward or inward. The journey that is not focused on the clarity of structure, but rather, the clarity of thoughts and purpose. To meet others, to meet myself in a different environment once more. To flourish, to be wild and untamed. I cannot wait to be on the road again.
xx
ps. I am also happy to announce that my film camera is being loved and battered again. Just wait til I find a photo lab...
As promised we had a cosy sleep inside the bednet (I like to think of it as a dream-catching net) and got woken up by the resident rooster. Some delicious banana pancakes and coffee later we were off again. This time we took a different route even higher up, so we got some magnificent view across the valley. Walking is a good time for the mind to wander, while your body is so much in the moment of here and now (sometimes only the Cartesian model of mind-body dichotomy seems right) - I like running, swimming and biking too, but there is something special about walking that allows the tangles of the mind to unravel more slowly and freely. Back in Sapa sitting in a cafe I bumped into Joe who I went to college in Wales with - again, what chances! He happens to be doing a South-east Asia expedition as well and would be trekking in Sapa the next two days. We bidded farewell as I had to go back to Lao Cai town for the night train back to Hanoi - and back on the train I was in the same berth with the 3 French girls whom I met on the train a night ago. We had a little chanson-karaoke session before dozing off, as the train rocked us to sleep like a cradle.
Somehow the power of wanderlust has brought all of us together, albeit transiently, from the different corners and walks of the earth - as if by some intrinsic drive for taxis towards the unfamiliar. The more I travel on my own, the more I realise it is really not about the destination, but the journey - outward or inward. The journey that is not focused on the clarity of structure, but rather, the clarity of thoughts and purpose. To meet others, to meet myself in a different environment once more. To flourish, to be wild and untamed. I cannot wait to be on the road again.
xx
ps. I am also happy to announce that my film camera is being loved and battered again. Just wait til I find a photo lab...
Friday 20 September 2013
DIVE FOR DREAMS
"Happiness is a lasting state which does not seem to be made for man in this
world. Everything here on earth is in a continual flux which allows nothing
to assume any constant form. All things change round about us, we ourselves
change, and no one can be sure of loving tomorrow what he loves today. All
our plans of happiness in this life are therefore empty dreams. Let us make
the most of peace of mind when it comes to us, taking care to do nothing
to drive it away, but not making plans to hold it fast, since such plans
are sheer folly. I have seen few if any happy people, but I have seen many
who were contented, and of all the sights that have come my way this is the
one that has left me most contented myself."
"...if my pleasures are brief and few in number, it is also true that when they come they give me an intenser enjoyment than if I were more used to them. I ruminate on them so to speak, turning them over frequently in my memory, and few as they are, if they were pure and unmixed, they would perhaps make me happier than in my days of prosperity. In extreme poverty a little is enough to make one rich; a beggar is gladder to find one gold coin than a rich man to find a purse full of money. People would laugh if they could see how my soul is affected by the slightest pleasures..."
"It is only when I am alone that I am my own master, at all other times I am the plaything of all who surround me."
"...if my pleasures are brief and few in number, it is also true that when they come they give me an intenser enjoyment than if I were more used to them. I ruminate on them so to speak, turning them over frequently in my memory, and few as they are, if they were pure and unmixed, they would perhaps make me happier than in my days of prosperity. In extreme poverty a little is enough to make one rich; a beggar is gladder to find one gold coin than a rich man to find a purse full of money. People would laugh if they could see how my soul is affected by the slightest pleasures..."
"It is only when I am alone that I am my own master, at all other times I am the plaything of all who surround me."
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Reveries of the Solitary Walker
Tuesday 17 September 2013
KHOA NHI
Tucked away from the main building is the paediatric department (Khoa - ward, Nhi - children) of the hospital, where sick children with different infectious diseases are being looked after. It has a certain different feel to the rest of the wards - with balloons and stickers on the wall, a room for parents/carers to rest in, and two rather vivaciously decorated wards for inpatients (with strings of origami cranes hanging by a young girl's bed, small desks for children to do their homework, always full of sounds of chattering, or the occasional lull when people doze off after lunch). Though nothing here is mere small matter - children are often referred here because they have contracted a serious infection, mostly from the countryside through close contact with animals, mosquito or water.
The range of differential diagnoses expands by manifolds. A parotid swelling - is in fact an abscess caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei which is found in paddy fields and still water (Could the young boy have caught it through swimming since he has otitis prior to having the abscess? - No, the bacteria is not found in running water - we had some interesting time trying to get the whole story from the father who is a farmer, with too many questions and answers lost in translation). Meningitis - here the major causative organism is in fact Streptococcus suis (as opposed to Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitdis in the UK) transmitted from pigs to human, and of course, one must not forget TB. A non-specific rash in children with fever - the probability of dengue is high when it is July to December each year.
In the past few weeks I have been going to see this 11-year-old girl elsewhere - who has Japanese encephalitis (JE) and is supported (fluids, feeding, ventilation - there is no specific treatment for the disease) in ITU. She lies there between two equally ill adults, quietly battling while drifting in and out of consciousness. The young ITU doctor explained to me how to differentiate between herpes encephalitis and JE (the former often affects the temporal while the latter affects the limbic region, as seen in MRI imaging; we had to hold the film up to the window in order to see more clearly. Things are mostly analogue here) - and also the range of possible outcomes. He has seen children fully recovered and going to back to school after a month, but there are more who will have long-term cognitive impairment.
Currently, there is a vaccination programme for JE in northern Vietnam when children are 1-5 years old but only in high-risk areas. With JE virus still widespread among swines, it is unlikely to be fully eradicated and unvaccinated children are still largely at risk of this debilitating disease.
*
Further reading | Effectiveness of the Viet Nam Produced, Mouse Brain-Derived, Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Northern Viet Nam (PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases)
Immunisation schedule in Vietnam
The range of differential diagnoses expands by manifolds. A parotid swelling - is in fact an abscess caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei which is found in paddy fields and still water (Could the young boy have caught it through swimming since he has otitis prior to having the abscess? - No, the bacteria is not found in running water - we had some interesting time trying to get the whole story from the father who is a farmer, with too many questions and answers lost in translation). Meningitis - here the major causative organism is in fact Streptococcus suis (as opposed to Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitdis in the UK) transmitted from pigs to human, and of course, one must not forget TB. A non-specific rash in children with fever - the probability of dengue is high when it is July to December each year.
In the past few weeks I have been going to see this 11-year-old girl elsewhere - who has Japanese encephalitis (JE) and is supported (fluids, feeding, ventilation - there is no specific treatment for the disease) in ITU. She lies there between two equally ill adults, quietly battling while drifting in and out of consciousness. The young ITU doctor explained to me how to differentiate between herpes encephalitis and JE (the former often affects the temporal while the latter affects the limbic region, as seen in MRI imaging; we had to hold the film up to the window in order to see more clearly. Things are mostly analogue here) - and also the range of possible outcomes. He has seen children fully recovered and going to back to school after a month, but there are more who will have long-term cognitive impairment.
Currently, there is a vaccination programme for JE in northern Vietnam when children are 1-5 years old but only in high-risk areas. With JE virus still widespread among swines, it is unlikely to be fully eradicated and unvaccinated children are still largely at risk of this debilitating disease.
*
Further reading | Effectiveness of the Viet Nam Produced, Mouse Brain-Derived, Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine in Northern Viet Nam (PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases)
Immunisation schedule in Vietnam
Saturday 14 September 2013
TERRA INCOGNITA
The beauty of living here is that, even after weeks or months, when you turn into a small alleyway you are bound to see a space unknown to you before, a fleeting moment of charm and grace (be it a bird chirping in cage or children at play, old people sipping tea and playing chess, devouring the here and now) - something that will remain so close to the heart of living, of a quiet but resilient exuberance. And in years' time, people will come and go, places torn down and rebuilt; but within the myriad of lanes and backstreets, the urban oasis remains, the collective joie d'vivre indestructible - yet you will never know for certain what is in store behind the facade of the street. The beauty of the terra incognita is seen through diving into the unassuming unknown.
xx
Friday 13 September 2013
NIGHTCALL
(Realise that I might lose some audience by not putting enough visuals in; so here we go)
People drinking coffee in cafes until late | Tadioto: a club/cafe/bar in an abandoned industrial complex | Moveable scenery on the road | Jazz by musicians from the Academy of Music at L'espace (very good!)
TAKING SHAPE AS WE TRAVEL
"Touch is a reciprocal action, a gesture of exchange with the world. To make an impression is also to receive one, and the soles of our feet, shaped by the surfaces they press upon, are landscapes themselves with their own worn channels and roving lines. They perhaps most closely resemble the patterns of ridge and swirl revealed when a tide has ebbed over flat sand."
- Robert Macfarlane, The Old Ways: A Journey On Foot
Wednesday 11 September 2013
C'EST CĄ! ESCHAR
I remember last March well. Every morning we turned up at the ID ward at University College Hospital (where the Hospital of Tropical Diseases in London keep their inpatients) to go through the "case of the day". Prof or the specialist registrar would go through the chronological order of the patient's story, and we asked questions in turn (always ask for travel history!), hoping to formulate some plausible and probable diagnoses as we go along. One of the old favourites would be travellers coming back with an eschar*. Again here we saw an old lady with an eschar just on her shoulder - she came in with a fever but otherwise not too unwell.
*a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds, and exposure to cutaneous anthrax
Usually in this case anthrax is not so likely; more often the eschar would have been caused by a tick bite, causing rickettsiosis (and then the disease will be rather confusingly named after the geographical location of where the tick was, see here)
In Asia, however, the rickettsiosis is caused by the intracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi, a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium** of family Rickettsiaceae (so not exactly a rickettsia!). It is named after it was isolated in Japan in 1930 - The disease is thus called scrub typhus, as the mite (similar to tick, but smaller) lives in scrubs.
**Proteobacteria: In this group all are Gram negatives. The group contains many pathogens such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio and Helicobacter. Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes
Below is the picture of the tsutsugamushi triangle where scrub typhus is endemic. The rule of thumb is: if you see an eschar on a patient in the triangle, think scrub typhus, give doxycycline for a week (as per most of the eschars). Typhus is a notifiable disease in the UK.
*a slough or piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections, necrotizing spider bite wounds, and exposure to cutaneous anthrax
Usually in this case anthrax is not so likely; more often the eschar would have been caused by a tick bite, causing rickettsiosis (and then the disease will be rather confusingly named after the geographical location of where the tick was, see here)
In Asia, however, the rickettsiosis is caused by the intracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi, a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium** of family Rickettsiaceae (so not exactly a rickettsia!). It is named after it was isolated in Japan in 1930 - The disease is thus called scrub typhus, as the mite (similar to tick, but smaller) lives in scrubs.
**Proteobacteria: In this group all are Gram negatives. The group contains many pathogens such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio and Helicobacter. Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes
Below is the picture of the tsutsugamushi triangle where scrub typhus is endemic. The rule of thumb is: if you see an eschar on a patient in the triangle, think scrub typhus, give doxycycline for a week (as per most of the eschars). Typhus is a notifiable disease in the UK.
STUCK IN THE MUD
A young man has always been working in the field, like many of his peers who are from the countryside near Hanoi. He was diagnosed with epilepsy when he was 11 years old, and is on regular anti epileptic medication. Two months ago he decided to stop the anti-epileptic as he hasn't had a seizure for a long while - and soon after that one day while he was walking he had a fit, lost consciousness and fell into a peat bog*. He fell head first into the mud and only after a long while was he discovered and pulled out from the swamp.
*wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel
Few days later he started having a high fever, and gradually it evoluted into a myriad of symptoms - cough, sputum, breathlessness and also a stiff neck and endophthalmitis in one eye. The provincial hospital transferred him here to NHTD. He had multiple imaging done - chest x-ray showed a diffuse shadowing in both lungs. Thus, he was suspected to have inhaled the mud while he was unconscious. Querying multiple infection and aspiration pneumonia he was started on multiple antibiotics. Nevertheless two weeks have passed and he is still doing rather poorly.
We went down to see him in the general infectious disease ward. After putting the pieces of the story together, Heiman and Baz (another ID consultant from London) figured out the key -
Normally, aspiration pneumonia may be caused by anaerobes and gut flora (the bacteria generally present in food and the digestive tract) - but if what you have aspirated is mud - one must consider the possibility of fungus and mould.
Ah, an unifying diagnosis: mucormycosis. Turns out some fungi and mould can be so invasive that even someone with a healthy immune system can fall ill, very ill.
He is started on intravenous amphotericin B and ideally also posaconazole (another anti-fungal, although it is highly probable that it is not available here. One must make do). Meanwhile, I asked about the value of adding flucytosine because of his potential meningeal involvement, but flucytosine is only useful with cryptococcal infection especially, not all fungi. I hope he gets better real soon.
*
Mucormycosis: a rare infection caused by organisms that belong to a group of fungi called Mucoromycotina in the order Mucorales. The symptoms of mucormycosis depend on where in the body the fungus is growing. Mucormycosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs. If the infection is not treated quickly, the fungus can spread throughout the body, and the infection is often fatal.
Further reading | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Mucormycosis
*wet spongy ground of decomposing vegetation; has poorer drainage than a swamp; soil is unfit for cultivation but can be cut and dried and used for fuel
Few days later he started having a high fever, and gradually it evoluted into a myriad of symptoms - cough, sputum, breathlessness and also a stiff neck and endophthalmitis in one eye. The provincial hospital transferred him here to NHTD. He had multiple imaging done - chest x-ray showed a diffuse shadowing in both lungs. Thus, he was suspected to have inhaled the mud while he was unconscious. Querying multiple infection and aspiration pneumonia he was started on multiple antibiotics. Nevertheless two weeks have passed and he is still doing rather poorly.
We went down to see him in the general infectious disease ward. After putting the pieces of the story together, Heiman and Baz (another ID consultant from London) figured out the key -
Normally, aspiration pneumonia may be caused by anaerobes and gut flora (the bacteria generally present in food and the digestive tract) - but if what you have aspirated is mud - one must consider the possibility of fungus and mould.
Ah, an unifying diagnosis: mucormycosis. Turns out some fungi and mould can be so invasive that even someone with a healthy immune system can fall ill, very ill.
He is started on intravenous amphotericin B and ideally also posaconazole (another anti-fungal, although it is highly probable that it is not available here. One must make do). Meanwhile, I asked about the value of adding flucytosine because of his potential meningeal involvement, but flucytosine is only useful with cryptococcal infection especially, not all fungi. I hope he gets better real soon.
*
Mucormycosis: a rare infection caused by organisms that belong to a group of fungi called Mucoromycotina in the order Mucorales. The symptoms of mucormycosis depend on where in the body the fungus is growing. Mucormycosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs. If the infection is not treated quickly, the fungus can spread throughout the body, and the infection is often fatal.
Further reading | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Mucormycosis
Monday 9 September 2013
THE UNKINDEST CUT
The intensive care unit has 15 beds, and every day at least 2-3 beds will be occupied by patients with tetanus. Tetanus is virtually unseen in the developed world because of well-established vaccination programme, but in Vietnam, elderly and the older generation with inadequate vaccination are still vulnerable to the potential lethal infection, often contracted via skin cuts and upon exposure to soil and rust. As patients often do not recognise the importance of receiving post-exposure prophylaxis (in this case, extra doses of vaccine, which contain the inactivated toxin), many did not go to emergency department to receive treatment and only presented to hospital when they are already experiencing "lockjaw", painful spasms and even respiratory difficulty caused by the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. They may often experience autonomic dysfunction (resulting in abnormally high or low blood pressure or body temperature) - Mortality can be up to 70% if untreated.
Here you would see patients (often farmers, or hawkers and rubbish collectors who spent hours on end treading on the streets) lying on the bed looking terrified and distressed, stiffed and twitching from muscle spasms caused by the tetanus toxins. They would have a tracheotomy (a breathing hole through the trachea via a cut in the neck) and be on mechanical ventilation for 3 to 4 weeks, followed by weaning off in a side room. Sedation is not a common practice in ICU here so you see patients obviously looking uncomfortable, being intubated wide-awake. There is also a general lack of knowledge of tetanus among the public - there was an instance where a female farmer stepped on a needle (probably discarded by intravenous drug users) in her allotment. She hurried to the local clinic to receive post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (paid hundreds of dollars on end), only to be found to have tetanus days later and was in a critical condition for a long while.
I wonder if giving tetanus vaccine is a common practice here in A&E or in primary care setting if a patient present with open wound/injury/contact with soil or rust - that would be something to find out.
*
Tetanus: from Ancient Greek: τέτανος, tetanos "taut", and τείνειν teinein "to stretch"
Clostridium tetani: Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium
Here you would see patients (often farmers, or hawkers and rubbish collectors who spent hours on end treading on the streets) lying on the bed looking terrified and distressed, stiffed and twitching from muscle spasms caused by the tetanus toxins. They would have a tracheotomy (a breathing hole through the trachea via a cut in the neck) and be on mechanical ventilation for 3 to 4 weeks, followed by weaning off in a side room. Sedation is not a common practice in ICU here so you see patients obviously looking uncomfortable, being intubated wide-awake. There is also a general lack of knowledge of tetanus among the public - there was an instance where a female farmer stepped on a needle (probably discarded by intravenous drug users) in her allotment. She hurried to the local clinic to receive post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (paid hundreds of dollars on end), only to be found to have tetanus days later and was in a critical condition for a long while.
I wonder if giving tetanus vaccine is a common practice here in A&E or in primary care setting if a patient present with open wound/injury/contact with soil or rust - that would be something to find out.
*
Tetanus: from Ancient Greek: τέτανος, tetanos "taut", and τείνειν teinein "to stretch"
Clostridium tetani: Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobic bacterium
Saturday 7 September 2013
THE JOY OF SOLO
“I often think of the image only I can see now, and of which I’ve never spoken. It’s always there, in the same silence, amazing. It’s the only image of myself I like, the only one in which I recognise myself, in which I delight”
- Marguerite Duras
Friday 6 September 2013
THREE TIMES AT LEAST, EVERY SINGLE DAY
(Vietnamese person speaking Vietnamese to me - in the shop, in the street, in the park, there were even instances where a motorcyclist stopped to ask me for direction)
me: (pause for 5 seconds) Xin lỗi, tôi không nói tiếng Việt (with probable clumsy pronunciation and weird intonation: Sorry, I do not speak Vietnamese)
them: (look astonished) But you look Vietnamese! Where are you from?
me: Hong Kong.
them: You sure you're not Vietnamese?
...
COUNTRY STUDY
Well, I might as well not let the work go to waste right?
*
Epidemiology
Viet Nam has a population of 87,848,000. 86.2% of the population is Kinh (Viet) while local ethnic minorities such as Tay and Hmong make up the remaining population. The country is bordered by China, Laos, Cambodia and the South China Sea. The capital city is Hanoi since the reunification North and South Viet Nam in 1976. 30% of the population live in urban area (compared to a regional average of 50%) and Gross National Income per Capita is USD3,070 (compared to a regional average of USD10,218). Viet Nam was politically isolated and impoverished when it was first reunified under the Communist government, but since the Political and economic reforms (Doi Moi) launched in 1986 Viet Nam has transformed from one of the poorest countries in the world, with per capita income below USD100, to a lower-middle income country with per capita income of USD1,130 in 15 years time.
Life expectancy at birth for male and female is 70 and 74 respectively (compared to a regional average of 72 and 76). 6.8% of the total expenditure is spent on health.
There is a bigger disease burden, especially that of infectious diseases, in Viet Nam compared to neighbouring countries. The prevalence of HIV per 1000 adults aged 15 to 49 is 4 compared to the regional average of 1, while the prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 population is 334 compared to the regional average of 139. The prevalence of both diseases is rising steadily in the past decades.
Healthcare system
Viet Nam has been introducing social health insurance (SHI) since 1992. The country’s health insurance law was promulgated in 2008, with the goal of universal coverage by 2014. Viet Nam has introduced social health insurance (SHI) to gradually replace a tax-based health financing system since 1992, and currently population coverage for health expenses is 60%. The state subsidises premium payments, and the rest of payment is paid by citizens. Despite its decrease over the years, the share of household out-of-pocket payments for health still accounts for some 55% of total health expenditure.
Public healthcare is funded and governed by the Ministry of Health of Viet Nam - users pay a nominal fee for beds but would need to pay full price for clinical tests and medication.
Political and Socio-economic factors
Modern Viet Nam is a one-party socialist country, but it is no doubt undergoing a transition from a planned to a market economy. Although the GDP per capita is increasing, what accompanies is also a widening income gap and weakened safety net – compared to in the past there was universal coverage of essential health services at little or no direct cost to households. Viet Nam has a developed health service with extensive rural coverage by communes and village health workers, but these rural health services are under threat with the loss of cooperative finances. With the income of poor households not catching up with the ever-increasing cost of healthcare in Viet Nam, study has shown that poor households delayed and minimised healthcare seeking, especially of expensive hospital services. They also had to reduce essential consumption, sell assets and incur debt in order to pay for hospital care. Such inequity may increases their vulnerability to illnesses and in turn their inability to afford healthcare that was previously available, contributing to the downward spiral of health of the poor.
Ethnicity, culture and religion
Vietnamese may attribute illness to biological causes (as defined by Western medicine), spiritual causes or the disruption of balance and harmony. For illnesses that are thought to have a spiritual or supernatural cause, Vietnamese may seek assistance from traditional practitioners or Buddhist monks (Buddhism being the predominant religion of the nation). They generally regard Western medicine as more effective than traditional medicine, but they may discontinue medications or self-adjust to smaller dosages because Western medications are believed to be extremely potent. This might cause problems especially with infectious diseases as they may stop taking antibiotics prematurely and encourage the evolution of multi-drug resistant infections.
Also, despite improving literacy rate and education level, many Vietnamese demonstrate limited knowledge as in how infectious diseases are spread and have little recognition for the concept of preventive medicine. Using tuberculosis as an illustrative example, a sample of Vietnamese people has identified TB causation as malnutrition, excess stress, heredity, sharing eating utensils, and the supernatural. Most people also believe in two forms of TB, namely “psychological TB” (lao tâm) and “physical TB” (lao løc), and often consider themselves as low risk for TB. This may in turn contribute to delayed care seeking and increased risk of transmission because of prolonged period of infective illness.
Geographical factors
Viet Nam is a country vulnerable to climate change, with the majority of the country’s poor dependent natural resource exploitation for their living. The problem of poverty is especially high in rural, costal, mountainous, islands and areas prone to climate change – the reason is multifold. First of all, these areas are difficult to access. Local people would find it more difficult to reach points providing healthcare service and equally it is more difficult for healthcare professionals to reach these areas. They are thus more likely to escape health surveillance and early intervention.
Secondly, Viet Nam is one of the world’s most severely flood-prone developing countries with frequent flooding caused by monsoons, typhoons and coastal storms as the major natural disaster. Climate change brings forth more dramatic and adverse weather conditions to the vulnerable areas, resulting in more rife spread of infectious diseases which in turn impact on health. An example would be that floods favour transmission of dengue fever and more frequent and prolonged floods have increased the disease burden on the population living in low areas.
Research has shown that, however, environmental factors can possibly be counteracted by local adaptations. In North Viet Nam for instance, low land housing types, which were transplanted without modification to the highlands, were responsible for the higher rates of malaria among lowland-to-highland migrant populations, whose ground-level dwellings exposed them to low-flying mosquito vectors. Native hill peoples, on the other hand, had adjusted to the malaria threat by constructing stilted houses with living quarters above the mosquito’s 10-foot flight ceiling. People in Viet Nam are aware of their particular vulnerability to infectious diseases because of their geographical location and are constantly working on adapting to adverse conditions and promoting village healthcare to improve access.
*
Further reading (if you must) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008a) Chapter 2. Overview of Vietnamese Culture. Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Persons from Viet Nam – US CDC Ethographic Guide to Viet Nam. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
*
Epidemiology
Viet Nam has a population of 87,848,000. 86.2% of the population is Kinh (Viet) while local ethnic minorities such as Tay and Hmong make up the remaining population. The country is bordered by China, Laos, Cambodia and the South China Sea. The capital city is Hanoi since the reunification North and South Viet Nam in 1976. 30% of the population live in urban area (compared to a regional average of 50%) and Gross National Income per Capita is USD3,070 (compared to a regional average of USD10,218). Viet Nam was politically isolated and impoverished when it was first reunified under the Communist government, but since the Political and economic reforms (Doi Moi) launched in 1986 Viet Nam has transformed from one of the poorest countries in the world, with per capita income below USD100, to a lower-middle income country with per capita income of USD1,130 in 15 years time.
Life expectancy at birth for male and female is 70 and 74 respectively (compared to a regional average of 72 and 76). 6.8% of the total expenditure is spent on health.
There is a bigger disease burden, especially that of infectious diseases, in Viet Nam compared to neighbouring countries. The prevalence of HIV per 1000 adults aged 15 to 49 is 4 compared to the regional average of 1, while the prevalence of tuberculosis per 100,000 population is 334 compared to the regional average of 139. The prevalence of both diseases is rising steadily in the past decades.
Healthcare system
Viet Nam has been introducing social health insurance (SHI) since 1992. The country’s health insurance law was promulgated in 2008, with the goal of universal coverage by 2014. Viet Nam has introduced social health insurance (SHI) to gradually replace a tax-based health financing system since 1992, and currently population coverage for health expenses is 60%. The state subsidises premium payments, and the rest of payment is paid by citizens. Despite its decrease over the years, the share of household out-of-pocket payments for health still accounts for some 55% of total health expenditure.
Public healthcare is funded and governed by the Ministry of Health of Viet Nam - users pay a nominal fee for beds but would need to pay full price for clinical tests and medication.
Political and Socio-economic factors
Modern Viet Nam is a one-party socialist country, but it is no doubt undergoing a transition from a planned to a market economy. Although the GDP per capita is increasing, what accompanies is also a widening income gap and weakened safety net – compared to in the past there was universal coverage of essential health services at little or no direct cost to households. Viet Nam has a developed health service with extensive rural coverage by communes and village health workers, but these rural health services are under threat with the loss of cooperative finances. With the income of poor households not catching up with the ever-increasing cost of healthcare in Viet Nam, study has shown that poor households delayed and minimised healthcare seeking, especially of expensive hospital services. They also had to reduce essential consumption, sell assets and incur debt in order to pay for hospital care. Such inequity may increases their vulnerability to illnesses and in turn their inability to afford healthcare that was previously available, contributing to the downward spiral of health of the poor.
Ethnicity, culture and religion
Vietnamese may attribute illness to biological causes (as defined by Western medicine), spiritual causes or the disruption of balance and harmony. For illnesses that are thought to have a spiritual or supernatural cause, Vietnamese may seek assistance from traditional practitioners or Buddhist monks (Buddhism being the predominant religion of the nation). They generally regard Western medicine as more effective than traditional medicine, but they may discontinue medications or self-adjust to smaller dosages because Western medications are believed to be extremely potent. This might cause problems especially with infectious diseases as they may stop taking antibiotics prematurely and encourage the evolution of multi-drug resistant infections.
Also, despite improving literacy rate and education level, many Vietnamese demonstrate limited knowledge as in how infectious diseases are spread and have little recognition for the concept of preventive medicine. Using tuberculosis as an illustrative example, a sample of Vietnamese people has identified TB causation as malnutrition, excess stress, heredity, sharing eating utensils, and the supernatural. Most people also believe in two forms of TB, namely “psychological TB” (lao tâm) and “physical TB” (lao løc), and often consider themselves as low risk for TB. This may in turn contribute to delayed care seeking and increased risk of transmission because of prolonged period of infective illness.
Geographical factors
Viet Nam is a country vulnerable to climate change, with the majority of the country’s poor dependent natural resource exploitation for their living. The problem of poverty is especially high in rural, costal, mountainous, islands and areas prone to climate change – the reason is multifold. First of all, these areas are difficult to access. Local people would find it more difficult to reach points providing healthcare service and equally it is more difficult for healthcare professionals to reach these areas. They are thus more likely to escape health surveillance and early intervention.
Secondly, Viet Nam is one of the world’s most severely flood-prone developing countries with frequent flooding caused by monsoons, typhoons and coastal storms as the major natural disaster. Climate change brings forth more dramatic and adverse weather conditions to the vulnerable areas, resulting in more rife spread of infectious diseases which in turn impact on health. An example would be that floods favour transmission of dengue fever and more frequent and prolonged floods have increased the disease burden on the population living in low areas.
Research has shown that, however, environmental factors can possibly be counteracted by local adaptations. In North Viet Nam for instance, low land housing types, which were transplanted without modification to the highlands, were responsible for the higher rates of malaria among lowland-to-highland migrant populations, whose ground-level dwellings exposed them to low-flying mosquito vectors. Native hill peoples, on the other hand, had adjusted to the malaria threat by constructing stilted houses with living quarters above the mosquito’s 10-foot flight ceiling. People in Viet Nam are aware of their particular vulnerability to infectious diseases because of their geographical location and are constantly working on adapting to adverse conditions and promoting village healthcare to improve access.
*
Further reading (if you must) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008a) Chapter 2. Overview of Vietnamese Culture. Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: A Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Persons from Viet Nam – US CDC Ethographic Guide to Viet Nam. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (2008b) Chapter 4. Common Perceptions, Attitude and Beliefs
About Tuberculosis Among Viet Namese. Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: A
Practical Guide for Tuberculosis Programs That Provide Services to Persons from
Viet Nam – US CDC Ethographic Guide to Viet Nam. U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Few R, Tran PG and Hong BTT (2004) Living with Floods: Health Risks and Coping Strategies of the
Urban Poor in Viet Nam. British Academy
(Committee for South East Asian Studies)
Inborn MC and Brown PJ (1990) The Anthropology of Infectious
Disease. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 19:89-117
McMichael AJ and Lindgren E (2011) Climate change: present and
future risks to health, and necessary responses. Journal of Internal Medicine 270:401-413
Ministry of Planning and Investment, Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
(2010) Millennium Development Goals 2010
National Report. Hanoi, Viet Nam
Segall M, Tipping G, Lucas H, Dung TV, Tam NT, Vinh DX, Huong DL
(2002) Economic transition should come with a health warning: the case of Viet
Nam. Journal of the Epidemiology of
Community Health 56:497-505
Tran VT, Hoang TP, Inke M and TKP
Nguyen (2011) Health Financing Review of Viet Nam with a Focus on Social health
Insurance. World Health Organisation
Thursday 5 September 2013
ONLY IN VIETNAM
1.
Social history
What animals does the patient have at home, since the whole family is ill?
A buffalo, three pigs and a few chickens.
Hmm could it be zoonotic influenza?
No, it seems like it's just a bad bout of food poisoning.
... nevertheless, never forget to ask about pets!
2.
Eating dogs, not a great idea.
Furious Rabies after an Atypical Exposure
3.
Harm reduction policy
The hospital/pharmacy organised free needle exchange programme for intravenous drug users (IVDU) to prevent HIV/hepatitis B and C transmission but very few people went; turns out as intravenous drug use is illegal as Vietnam, police officers dressed up as social workers and lurked in the centre to arrest IVDUs (they need to arrest a certain number to reach monthly target). What antagonism!
Social history
What animals does the patient have at home, since the whole family is ill?
A buffalo, three pigs and a few chickens.
Hmm could it be zoonotic influenza?
No, it seems like it's just a bad bout of food poisoning.
... nevertheless, never forget to ask about pets!
2.
Eating dogs, not a great idea.
Furious Rabies after an Atypical Exposure
3.
Harm reduction policy
The hospital/pharmacy organised free needle exchange programme for intravenous drug users (IVDU) to prevent HIV/hepatitis B and C transmission but very few people went; turns out as intravenous drug use is illegal as Vietnam, police officers dressed up as social workers and lurked in the centre to arrest IVDUs (they need to arrest a certain number to reach monthly target). What antagonism!
Tuesday 3 September 2013
LE PREMIER JOUR
I was sitting in the living room with my landlord (him teaching me basic Vietnamese phrases, me playing with his 2-year-old son) when my supervisor came on his motorcycle to pick me up. Heiman is a medical microbiologist from the Netherlands and has worked in Vietnam for several years and during my time here I would be working on the data analysis of his Vinares project. Doing the Vietnamese way he non-chalently signalled me to sit on the back of his motorcycle and off we went navigating the most packed street of Phuong Mai - You can only appreciate the somewhat orderly chaos from the back of a motorcycle, there is barely any space in between cars and bicycles (a relative rarity) and motorcycles but everyone just keeps moving, moving steadily. Slowly moving forward amidst the motorcycle jam we made a right turn into the hospital complex. Comprised of the French Hospital, Bach Mai Hospital (teaching hospital of Hanoi Medical University), Hospital of Dermatology, National ENT and Hospital for Tropical Medicine, the complex is like a small city of its own. There is even a barber by the side of the pharmacy!
While Heiman is parking his motorcycle in the car park I met Binh, who is a lab scientist working just below our unit. She studied in South Korea for 2 years and afterwards she felt paralysed by the sight of Hanoi's traffic, but now she is off on the road again. We walked up 7 stories and on the way I was introduced to the different divisions of the hospital. Triage and outpatient clinics on the ground floor, emergency department on the first floor (for more ill patients, akin to the acute medical unit in a general hospital), wards for hepatitis, virology and parasitology (currently overflowing with patients with dengue fever or influenza) and HIV. Sandwiched between the floors there are also the intensive care unit - which I would be going next week onwards and the children's department ("Mostly fever, meningitis or diarrhoea").
Our unit is nestled on the top two floors of the seven-stories hospital, which run multiple projects at the National for the past seven years on various subjects such as dengue, influenza, antibiotic resistance and CNS infection. Heiman described it as a happy long-term marriage, where the research unit works alongside with the hospital collaborating but also not interfering with what each other is doing.
In the morning I was teaching myself how to use the WHONet for data analysis on antibiotic resistance (now finally all that microbiology reports make sense! Studying the resistance profile of bacteria is almost akin to zoology/ecology, where you can see the usual 'wild type' who is susceptible to the usual antibiotics but also the emergence of the resistant type where the bacteria develop several mechanisms to counteract the effects of their nemesis, I have found this even more interesting than before and have been thinking about its implication also in antibiotic stewardship in hospital and also primary care setting. More thoughts later)
For lunch (Vietnamese lunch hour is 11:30-13:30, what a treat) four of us headed over to the local market opposite to have noodles. Heiman has the best command of Vietnamese and ordered a bowl of soup noodles with everything in it (tofu, snails and beef - it looks delicious), Annette helped me order a mien (golden vermicelli with soup served on the side) while Sophie got iced tea from the stall opposite. Annette is an immunologist who has done much research in dengue and influenza and she is due to move to Melbourne to take up another post later in the year, and Sophie is a specialist registrar in Infectious Disease/General Medicine working at Imperial and also University College Hospital before moving to Hanoi to carry out dengue research for her Academic Clinical Fellowship. It is refreshing to be able to discuss scientific ideas during lunch but also a bit about buying piano, children and expat life here in Hanoi.
In the afternoon I went with Sophie to recruit newly admitted patients for her dengue study and also see how automated vascular analysis were performed, with the lovely research nurse Lien - by looking at the blood flow into vasculature underneath the tongue plus how occlusion of the arm alters pulse pressure during the course of dengue in different patients, the extent of endothelial dysfunction caused by dengue fever can be recorded. Her project aims to look at whether the extent of endothelial dysfunction in the early phase of the disease can predict patient's course of disease (either gradual, spontaneous recovery or in some cases developing bleeding or capillary leak - dengue shock syndrome or haemorrhagic fever) and therefore may facilitate early intervention and closer surveillance for vulnerable patients. Dengue fever is a fascinating disease not only because it manifests in many ways but also of its feature of antibody-dependent enhancement: if you are infected with one type of dengue (there are four types) you develop life-long immunity for that one type, but if you are infected with another type of dengue then it would significantly increase your risk of developing a more serious disease. They are still looking into explanations into this and it has posed additional challenge for vaccine development, because a vaccine must target all four types in order to prevent this phenomenon. (Again, more later! This is becoming a never-ending medical rant)
In the evening I got home quickly and got changed to go for a much needed run. The local park has the third biggest lake in central Hanoi (the Ho Bay Mau) and there were many locals running, playing badminton, fishing or dancing aerobic which is a lovely sight. To cool down I walked around the lake as the night falls and the lake glows quietly with a blue hue. There was also an interesting choice of background music: first some Mandarin classic love song followed by Shostakovich's Jazz Suite, which were both surprising fitting - although it really did make me chuckle.
xx
While Heiman is parking his motorcycle in the car park I met Binh, who is a lab scientist working just below our unit. She studied in South Korea for 2 years and afterwards she felt paralysed by the sight of Hanoi's traffic, but now she is off on the road again. We walked up 7 stories and on the way I was introduced to the different divisions of the hospital. Triage and outpatient clinics on the ground floor, emergency department on the first floor (for more ill patients, akin to the acute medical unit in a general hospital), wards for hepatitis, virology and parasitology (currently overflowing with patients with dengue fever or influenza) and HIV. Sandwiched between the floors there are also the intensive care unit - which I would be going next week onwards and the children's department ("Mostly fever, meningitis or diarrhoea").
Our unit is nestled on the top two floors of the seven-stories hospital, which run multiple projects at the National for the past seven years on various subjects such as dengue, influenza, antibiotic resistance and CNS infection. Heiman described it as a happy long-term marriage, where the research unit works alongside with the hospital collaborating but also not interfering with what each other is doing.
In the morning I was teaching myself how to use the WHONet for data analysis on antibiotic resistance (now finally all that microbiology reports make sense! Studying the resistance profile of bacteria is almost akin to zoology/ecology, where you can see the usual 'wild type' who is susceptible to the usual antibiotics but also the emergence of the resistant type where the bacteria develop several mechanisms to counteract the effects of their nemesis, I have found this even more interesting than before and have been thinking about its implication also in antibiotic stewardship in hospital and also primary care setting. More thoughts later)
For lunch (Vietnamese lunch hour is 11:30-13:30, what a treat) four of us headed over to the local market opposite to have noodles. Heiman has the best command of Vietnamese and ordered a bowl of soup noodles with everything in it (tofu, snails and beef - it looks delicious), Annette helped me order a mien (golden vermicelli with soup served on the side) while Sophie got iced tea from the stall opposite. Annette is an immunologist who has done much research in dengue and influenza and she is due to move to Melbourne to take up another post later in the year, and Sophie is a specialist registrar in Infectious Disease/General Medicine working at Imperial and also University College Hospital before moving to Hanoi to carry out dengue research for her Academic Clinical Fellowship. It is refreshing to be able to discuss scientific ideas during lunch but also a bit about buying piano, children and expat life here in Hanoi.
In the afternoon I went with Sophie to recruit newly admitted patients for her dengue study and also see how automated vascular analysis were performed, with the lovely research nurse Lien - by looking at the blood flow into vasculature underneath the tongue plus how occlusion of the arm alters pulse pressure during the course of dengue in different patients, the extent of endothelial dysfunction caused by dengue fever can be recorded. Her project aims to look at whether the extent of endothelial dysfunction in the early phase of the disease can predict patient's course of disease (either gradual, spontaneous recovery or in some cases developing bleeding or capillary leak - dengue shock syndrome or haemorrhagic fever) and therefore may facilitate early intervention and closer surveillance for vulnerable patients. Dengue fever is a fascinating disease not only because it manifests in many ways but also of its feature of antibody-dependent enhancement: if you are infected with one type of dengue (there are four types) you develop life-long immunity for that one type, but if you are infected with another type of dengue then it would significantly increase your risk of developing a more serious disease. They are still looking into explanations into this and it has posed additional challenge for vaccine development, because a vaccine must target all four types in order to prevent this phenomenon. (Again, more later! This is becoming a never-ending medical rant)
In the evening I got home quickly and got changed to go for a much needed run. The local park has the third biggest lake in central Hanoi (the Ho Bay Mau) and there were many locals running, playing badminton, fishing or dancing aerobic which is a lovely sight. To cool down I walked around the lake as the night falls and the lake glows quietly with a blue hue. There was also an interesting choice of background music: first some Mandarin classic love song followed by Shostakovich's Jazz Suite, which were both surprising fitting - although it really did make me chuckle.
xx
Monday 2 September 2013
Sunday 1 September 2013
A WEEK OF PRELUDE
The raindrops form the rhythm and birdsong sings the tune. Getting lost in unmarked alleyways, casually sitting by the lake or on the sidewalk drinking bia hoi (locally brewed beer by a Czech recipe as a token of Communist solidarity, apparently), walking through a very wet wet market, sipping on Vietnamese distilled coffee with condensed milk while sitting on a balcony overlooking the busy leafy street, good cheap hearty amazing food every day while hanging out as fours or twos or one (interlaced with green rice flake ice-cream breaks), pleasantly surprised by a long boat trip around the glorious Halong Bay, kayaking among fishing villages, sitting at the back of the motorcycle for the first time and through the jungle and cave and along the coastline we go; swimming all day, swimming together, or alone to the furthest floating platform and watched the ships sail by, in a big beach, or in a small secluded beach that belongs only to us; a half-failed midnight dip later we looked up to a skyful of stars, the sea lit up by fluorescent planktons. To be tanned and to be drenched. To remember the breeze in my hair, the blue hour as blue as your eyes, the lazy morning light, the glow of the afternoon sun, distant thunderstorm, the fragrance of jasmine and incense suffusing the air.
Independence, freedom, happiness.
This is the end of the beginning.
xx
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